en-us Tue, 5 Jun 2012 00:25:21 UTC Inmagic DB/Text WebPublisher http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR007E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR012E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR131E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR136E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR137E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR140E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTC http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR172E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTCCongestion pricing in cities is seen as desirable from an economic point of view but difficult politically. A variety of revenue and cost-sharing arrangements have been proposed as ways of creating ballot-box winning coalitions where 'winners' outvote losers from a self-interest point of view. However, these proposals generally ignore the roles of institutions, governmental and otherwise, in the control of revenues raised by pricing. These institutions can confound political alliance schemes that aim to build coalitions favoring congestion tolls. This paper examines the failure of New York City to impose a congestion pricing cordon, even though there was significant US Federal government funding available as an inducement to pass it. The role of institutional arrangements turned out to play a key role in this failure, with lessons for the political viability of other proposed schemes. http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR325E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTCThis report examines the trends in the growth of road traffic (vehicle kilometres travelled or vkt) in eight Australian states/territories and their eight capital cities. Much of the report is technical in nature, dealing with the sources of data, and details of variable construction and modelling. The main result of all this data preparation has been the ability to document the consistent and yet varied patterns over time in vehicle kilometres per person in Australia. After rapid growth in the seventies, growth in traffic (all vehicle types) per capita has consistently slowed, with many of the states at or approaching saturation. The other main results of the study are models of vkt per capita as a function of petrol prices, fluctuations in the economy and of a saturating effect of time. Each state/territory is different, but the patterns of the models are amazingly similar. The models explain the common finding of a fairly linear trend in total vkt over the past four decades – exponential growth in population has been balanced by an exponentially declining rate of growth in traffic per person. Lately, there has been a significant effect of the global financial crisis in lowering traffic levels per capita. The models can be used to provide base-case forecasts of future trends in traffic growth in Australian states and capital cities. These are useful in a variety of contexts, for instance, in forecasting road fatalities from fatality rates, forecasting traffic growth in cities and needs for infrastructure investment. http://114.111.144.247/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=QUERY&TN=inroads&QY=find+RC+=+1205AR326E Mon, 14 May 2012 14:00:00 UTCThis report examines the trends in the growth of road traffic (vehicle kilometres travelled or vkt) in 25 countries around the world. Much of the report is technical in nature, dealing with the sources of data, and details of variable construction and modelling. The main result of all this data preparation has been the ability to document the consistent and yet varied patterns over time in vehicle kilometres per person in many countries around the globe. After rapid growth in the sixties and seventies, growth in traffic (all vehicle types) per capita has consistently slowed, with many countries approaching saturation. The main results of the study are models of vkt per capita as a function of real petrol prices, fluctuations in the economy and of a saturating effect of time. Each country is different, but the patterns of the models are amazingly similar. The models explain the common finding around the developed world of a fairly linear trend in total vkt over the past four decades - slowing growth in population has been matched by a declining rate of growth in traffic per person. Lately, there has been a significant effect of the global financial crisis in lowering traffic levels per capital around the world. The models can be used to provide base-case and scenario forecasts of future trends in traffic growth in the 25 countries. These are useful in a variety of contexts, for instance, in forecasting road fatalities from fatality rates, forecasting traffic growth in cities and needs for infrastructure investment.